Journal: Plants

Article Title: An Investigation of the Anticancer Mechanism of Caesalpinia sappan L. Extract Against Colorectal Cancer by Integrating a Network Pharmacological Analysis and Experimental Validation

doi: 10.3390/plants14020263

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pathway enrichment analysis for the 33 target genes of C. sappan L. ( A ) The Gene Ontology (GO) biological process (BP) gene sets, ( B ) GO cellular component (CC) gene sets, ( C ) GO molecular function (MF) gene sets, and ( D ) the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) gene sets. ( E ) Pathways in cancer involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and signal transduction.

Article Snippet: The Human Apoptosis Proteome Profiler Antibody Array kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used to simultaneously confirm the relative expression levels of multiple apoptosis-related proteins from HCT 116 and COLO 205 cells after CSE treatment (30 μg/mL).

Techniques: Transduction

Journal: Plants

Article Title: An Investigation of the Anticancer Mechanism of Caesalpinia sappan L. Extract Against Colorectal Cancer by Integrating a Network Pharmacological Analysis and Experimental Validation

doi: 10.3390/plants14020263

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of CSE on apoptosis induction in HCT 116 and COLO 205 cells. ( A ) Flow cytometric analysis and apoptosis percentage of HCT 116 cells stained with Annexin V/7-AAD after 24 h and 48 h of CSE treatment. The apoptotic rate means the rate of Annexin V-positive cells. ( B ) The caspase 3/7 activity of HCT 116 cells was evaluated using the Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay Kit after 48 h of CSE treatment. ( C ) Flow cytometric analysis and apoptosis percentage of COLO 205 cells stained with Annexin V/7-AAD after 24 h and 48 h of CSE treatment. The apoptotic rate means the rate of Annexin V-positive cells. ( D ) The caspase 3/7 activity of COLO 205 was evaluated using the Caspase-Glo 3/7 Assay Kit after 48 h of CSE treatment. Bars represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001, compared to the control (0 μg/mL) group.

Article Snippet: The Human Apoptosis Proteome Profiler Antibody Array kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used to simultaneously confirm the relative expression levels of multiple apoptosis-related proteins from HCT 116 and COLO 205 cells after CSE treatment (30 μg/mL).

Techniques: Staining, Activity Assay, Caspase-Glo Assay, Control

Journal: Plants

Article Title: An Investigation of the Anticancer Mechanism of Caesalpinia sappan L. Extract Against Colorectal Cancer by Integrating a Network Pharmacological Analysis and Experimental Validation

doi: 10.3390/plants14020263

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of CSE on apoptosis and cell cycle regulatory proteins in HCT 116 and COLO 205 cells. ( A ) Images of protein array showing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in control and CSE-treated HCT 116 and COLO 205 cells. Cells were treated with 30 μg/mL CSE for 48 h. ( B ) Quantitative comparison of selected protein levels, shown as average fold-difference relative to control (0 μg/mL), based on duplicates from the protein array. ( C ) The expression levels of apoptotic proteins, including PARP, caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3. ( D ) The expression levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins, including XIAP, cyclin D1, CDK2, p27, and p21. ( E ) Relative mRNA expression of cell-cycle-related genes in control and CSE-treated HCT 116 cells. Bars represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, compared to the control group.

Article Snippet: The Human Apoptosis Proteome Profiler Antibody Array kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used to simultaneously confirm the relative expression levels of multiple apoptosis-related proteins from HCT 116 and COLO 205 cells after CSE treatment (30 μg/mL).

Techniques: Protein Array, Expressing, Control, Comparison

Journal: Plants

Article Title: An Investigation of the Anticancer Mechanism of Caesalpinia sappan L. Extract Against Colorectal Cancer by Integrating a Network Pharmacological Analysis and Experimental Validation

doi: 10.3390/plants14020263

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic effects of CSE treatment. ( A ) Volcano plot depicting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CSE-treated and control groups. Red points indicate significantly upregulated genes, while blue points represent significantly downregulated genes (|log 2 fold change (FC)| > 1.2, p -value < 0.05). ( B ) EnrichR analysis showing significantly enriched cellular processes. Key processes include apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and immune response, based on the DEGs from the CSE treatment group. ( C ) Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) plots demonstrating the impact of CSE on specific pathways. Cell cycle checkpoint signaling is significantly influenced, with both upregulation and downregulation observed across the ranked gene list. T-cell signaling pathways, including co-stimulation and regulation of apoptosis, are notably enriched. Pathways related to immune responses, such as interferon-mediated signaling and inflammasome assembly, show significant enrichment. ( D ) Drug–pathway–gene interaction network reconstructed using the GSEA results. The network highlights the interactions between CSE-regulated genes (circles), key pathways (squares), and drugs (hexagons). Node colors represent the log 2 fold change in gene expression, with connections indicating regulatory relationships: arrows signify positive regulation, T-shaped ends indicate negative regulation, and lines represent associations. Only genes with |FC| > 1.2 are included, aligned with the regulatory patterns of the pathways.

Article Snippet: The Human Apoptosis Proteome Profiler Antibody Array kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) was used to simultaneously confirm the relative expression levels of multiple apoptosis-related proteins from HCT 116 and COLO 205 cells after CSE treatment (30 μg/mL).

Techniques: Control, Protein-Protein interactions, Gene Expression